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Chapter Summary
• Context: Cervical disc herniation can manifest as axial neck pain, radiculopathy, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, or combined myeloradicular syndromes. Making a precise clinical distinction is decisive because isolated axial neck pain has a completely different prognosis and natural history than progressive nerve root or spinal cord compression. Disc degeneration, annular tears, repetitive biomechanical loads, and local inflammatory cascades interact in symptom genesis. Identifying the compressed nerve root requires careful correlation of dermatomal pain, sensory deficits, myotomal weakness, and deep tendon reflex changes, although anatomical variations can blur textbook boundaries. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard diagnostic tool, but the high prevalence of asymptomatic disc bulges demands rigorous clinicoradiological concordance. Most radiculopathies resolve with structured conservative management. When surgery is indicated, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), posterior foraminotomy, and cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) represent validated options with distinct indications, while full-endoscopic approaches expand the minimally invasive armamentarium.
• Chapter Objective: To recognize diverse clinical presentations of cervical disc disease, correlate neurological deficits with specific anatomical levels, structure clinical and radiological workup, understand conservative management pathways, and define surgical indications for ACDF, posterior foraminotomy, cervical arthroplasty, and endoscopic decompression techniques.
• Radiculopathy and myelopathy are distinct clinical entitiesCervical disc herniation produces three distinct clinical syndromes: axial neck pain, radicular compression, or spinal cord compromise (myelopathy). Figures 43.2 to 43.5 illustrate sensory dermatomes, motor myotomes, and reflex changes for major cervical nerve roots (C5, C6, C7, C8). Dermatomal overlap implies that no single isolated finding should dictate diagnosis.
• History and physical examinationTargeted neurological examination includes segmental motor testing, sensory mapping, deep tendon reflexes, and provocative maneuvers. Spurling's test, the cervical distraction test, and Bakody's shoulder abduction sign (Figures 43.6 to 43.8) support radicular involvement. Loss of hand dexterity, clumsiness, hyperreflexia, clonus, Hoffmann's sign, and gait ataxia require immediate investigation for cervical myelopathy.
• Imaging and clinicoradiological correlationStanding plain radiographs assess sagittal cervical alignment and spondylosis. CT details osseous morphology and osteophytes. MRI (Figure 43.10) demonstrates soft disc herniations, cord compression, and intramedullary signal changes. When multiple degenerative levels exist or symptoms are ambiguous, electromyography or selective diagnostic nerve root blocks can isolate the culprit level.
• Management pathwaysIsolated radiculopathy is managed initially with non-operative care: physical therapy, analgesics, neuropathic agents, and selective epidural steroid injections. Surgery is indicated for intractable pain refractory to conservative therapy, progressive motor deficits, or myelopathy. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) remains the gold standard. Minimally invasive posterior foraminotomy preserves motion for posterolateral soft disc herniations, while cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) maintains segmental kinematics in selected non-spondylotic patients (Figures 43.13 to 43.21).
• Surgical safety and endoscopic evolutionDysphagia, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, dural tears, infection, and adjacent segment disease must be anticipated and prevented. Full-endoscopic uniportal and biportal techniques offer targeted decompression with minimal tissue disruption in experienced hands.
• Clinical Application: In clinical practice, evaluation starts by identifying the clinical syndrome: axial pain, radiculopathy, or myelopathy. Irradiating arm pain must match a specific dermatome, myotome, and reflex deficit corresponding to the MRI lesion to prevent operating on incidental degenerative findings. Signs of myelopathy (clumsiness, gait ataxia) fundamentally change the timeline, necessitating timely surgical decompression. In uncomplicated radiculopathy, a 6-to-8-week trial of conservative care is standard. When surgery is required, decompression approach depends on compression location: midline anterior compressions are treated via ACDF or CDA, while pure lateral foraminal soft herniations in lordotic spines can be treated via posterior microforaminotomy or endoscopy, avoiding fusion. Anterior retraction must be gentle and intermittent to protect the esophagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and endplate preparation must preserve subchondral bone to prevent cage subsidence.
