1. Stener B, Gunterberg B. High Amputation of the Sacrum For Extirpation of Tumors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1978; 3(4):351-66.
2. Gokaslan ZL, Romsdahl MM, Kroll SS, Walsh GL, Gillis TA, Wildrick DM, et al. Total sacrectomy and Galveston L-rod reconstruction for malignant neoplasms. J Neurosurg. 1997; 87(5):781-7.
3. Fourney DR, Rhines LD, Hentschel SJ, Skibber JM, Wolinsky JP, Weber KL, et al. En bloc resection of primary sacral tumors: classification of surgical approaches and outcome. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005; 3(2):111-22.
4. Weidlich A, Schaser KD, Weitz J, Kirchberg J, Fritzmann J, Reeps C, et al. Surgical and Oncologic Outcome following Sacrectomy for Primary Malignant Bone Tumors and Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2024; 16(13):2334.
5. Pu F, Zhang Z, Wang B, Wu Q, Liu J, Shao Z. Total sacrectomy with a combined antero-posterior surgical approach for malignant sacral tumours. Int Orthop. 2021; 45(5):1347-54.
6. van Kessel CS, Waller J, Steffens D, Lee PJ, Austin KKS, Stalley PD, et al. Improving Surgical Outcomes in Pelvic Exenteration Surgery. Ann Surg. 2023; 278(6):945-53.
7. Jearanai S, Malakorn S. Unfolding the Art of Methodical Approach for Total Sacrectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2024; 31(6):3957-8.
8. Kaiser R, Gasbarrini A, Pasini S, Khadanovich A, Mawhinney G, Giele H, et al. New options and techniques in reconstructing the sacrum. European Spine Journal. 2025.
9. Pieters TA, Hersh AM, Elsamadicy AA, Pennington Z, Santangelo G, Najjar S, et al. Outcomes after en bloc resection with sacrectomy of advanced colorectal carcinomas that invade the sacrum: a multiinstitutional descriptive series. J Neurosurg Spine. 2025; 42(5):598-604.
10. Guo W, Tang X, Zang J, Ji T. One-Stage Total En Bloc Sacrectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013; 38(10):E626-31.
11. Lau YC, Jongerius K, Wakeman C, Heriot AG, Solomon MJ, Sagar PM, et al. Influence of the level of sacrectomy on survival in patients with locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 2019; 106(4):484-90.
12. Milne T, Solomon MJ, Lee P, Young JM, Stalley P, Harrison JD, et al. Sacral Resection With Pelvic Exenteration for Advanced Primary and Recurrent Pelvic Cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(10):1153-61.
13. Bhangu A, Brown G, Akmal M, Tekkis P. Outcome of abdominosacral resection for locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 2012; 99(10):1453-61.
14. Kido A, Koizumi M, Honoki K, Tanaka Y, Koyama F, Nakajima Y, et al. Extent and contraindications for sacral amputation in patients with recurrent rectal cancer: a systematic literature review. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2011; 16(3):286-90.
15. Takiguchi N, Uemura M, Kitakaze M, Paku M, Takeda M, Sekido Y, et al. High Level Sacral Bone Resection for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Anticancer Res. 2023; 43(11):5061-6.
16. Braeckman N, Kerckhove E, Denys A, Sys G, van Ramshorst GH. Oncological and functional outcomes after sacrectomy for colorectal cancer: A systematic review. Colorectal Disease. 2025; 27(4).
17. Sasikumar A, Bhan C, Jenkins JT, Antoniou A, Murphy J. Systematic Review of Pelvic Exenteration With En Bloc Sacrectomy for Recurrent Rectal Adenocarcinoma: RO Resection Predicts Disease-free Survival. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017; 60(3):346-52.
18. Milne T, Solomon MJ, Lee P, Young JM, Stalley P, Harrison JD. Assessing the Impact of a Sacral Resection on Morbidity and Survival After Extended Radical Surgery for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Ann Surg. 2013; 258(6):1007-13.
19. Coan JM, Gasho JO, Connolly JJ, Lozano-Calderon SA, Raskin KA, Schwab JH, et al. Long-Term Bladder, Bowel, and Ambulatory Function After Sacrectomy Surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2025.
20. Kiatisevi P, Piyaskulkaew C, Kunakornsawat S, Sukunthanak B. What Are the Functional Outcomes After Total Sacrectomy Without Spinopelvic Reconstruction? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017; 475(3):643-55.
21. Phukan R, Herzog T, Boland PJ, Healey J, Rose P, Sim FH, et al. How Does the Level of Sacral Resection for Primary Malignant Bone Tumors Affect Physical and Mental Health, Pain, Mobility, Incontinence, and Sexual Function? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016; 474(3):687-96.
22. Li D, Guo W, Qu H, Yang R, Tang X, Yan T, et al. Experience with wound complications after surgery for sacral tumors. European Spine Journal. 2013; 22(9):2069-76.
23. Schwab JH, Healey JH, Rose P, Casas-Ganem J, Boland PJ. The Surgical Management of Sacral Chordomas. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009; 34(24):2700-4.
24. Verlaan JJ, Kuperus JS, Slooff WB, Hennipman A, Oner FC. Complications, secondary interventions and long term morbidity after en bloc sacrectomy. European Spine Journal. 2015; 24(10):2209-19.
25. Lv Z, Li J, Yang Z, Li X, Yang Q, Li Z. A novel three dimensional-printed biomechanically evaluated patient-specific sacral implant in spinopelvic reconstruction after total en bloc sacrectomy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023; 11.
26. Phelps BM, Ramey WL, Hurlbert RJ. Sacral/Pelvic Fixation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2025; 36(1):41-51.
27. Mottaran A, Bravi CA, Sarchi L, Paciotti M, Nocera L, Piro A, et al. Robot-Assisted Sacropexy with the Novel HUGO Robot-Assisted Surgery System: Initial Experience and Surgical Setup at a Tertiary Referral Robotic Center. J Endourol. 2023; 37(1):35-41.
28. Siegel MA, Balach T, Sweeney KR, Nystrom LM, Colman MW. Sacroiliac joint cut accuracy: Comparing new technologies in an idealized sawbones model. J Surg Oncol. 2020; 122(6):1218-25.