1. Ciftdemir M, Kaya M, Selcuk E, Yalniz E. Tumors of the spine. World J Orthop. 2016;7(2):109-16.
2. Riahi H, Mechri M, Barsaoui M, Bouaziz M, Vanhoenacker F, Ladeb M. Imaging of benign tumors of the osseous spine. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2018;102(1):13.
3. Ariyaratne S, Jenko N, Iyengar KP, James S, Mehta J, Botchu R. Primary benign neoplasms of the spine. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(12):2006.
4. Cancer-Inca IND. Abordagem inicial dos tumores ósseos. Inca; 2005.
5. Gasbarrini A, Cappuccio M, Donthineni R, Bandiera S, Boriani S. Management of benign tumors of the mobile spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 2009;40(1):9-19, v.
6. Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA. A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;(153):106-20.
7. Chan P, Boriani S, Fourney DR, Biagini R, Dekutoski MB, Fehlings MG, et al. An assessment of the reliability of the Enneking and Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini classifications for staging of primary spinal tumors by the Spine Oncology Study Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(4):384-91.
8. Jawad MU, Scully SP. In brief: classifications in brief: Enneking classification: benign and malignant tumors of the musculoskeletal system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(7):2000-2.
9. Boriani S, Weinstein JN, Biagini R. Primary bone tumors of the spine. Terminology and surgical staging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22(9):1036-44.
10. Sakai Y, Nakashima H, Takatsu T, Imagama S. Clinical features and surgical outcomes of osteochondroma of the spine. Malays Orthop J. 2023;17(1):117-23.
11. Fowler J, Takayanagi A, Fiani B, Cathel A, Sarhadi KJ, Arshad M, et al. Diagnosis, management, and treatment options: a cervical spine osteochondroma meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2021;149:215-225.e6.
12. Albrecht S, Crutchfield JS, SeGall GK. On spinal osteochondromas. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(2):247-52.
13. Roblot P, Alcalay M, Cazenave-Roblot F, Levy P, Bontoux D. Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine. Report of a case and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(3):240-3.
14. Khosla A, Martin DS, Awwad EE. The solitary intraspinal vertebral osteochondroma. An unusual cause of compressive myelopathy: features and literature review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(1):77-81.
15. Quirini GE, Meyer JR, Herman M, Russell EJ. Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine: an unusual cause of spinal cord compression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17(5):961-4.
16. Yakkanti R, Onyekwelu I, Carreon LY, Dimar JR. Solitary osteochondroma of the spine-a case series: review of solitary osteochondroma with myelopathic symptoms. Global Spine J. 2018;8(4):323-39.
17. Mexía MJA, Núñez EI, Garriga CS, Salinas RMS. Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine and scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(9):1082-5.
18. Sciubba DM, Macki M, Bydon M, Germscheid NM, Wolinsky JP, Boriani S, et al. Long-term outcomes in primary spinal osteochondroma: a multicenter study of 27 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(6):582-8.
19. Mallepally AR, Mahajan R, Pacha S, Rustagi T, Marathe N, Chhabra HS. Spinal osteoid osteoma: surgical resection and review of literature. Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11:308.
20. Zwimpfer TJ, Tucker WS, Faulkner JF. Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine: case reports and literature review. Can J Surg. 1982;25(6):637-41.
21. Sherman MS, Mcfarland G. Mechanism of pain in osteoid osteomas. South Med J. 1965;58:163-6.
22. Gasbarrini A, Cappuccio M, Bandiera S, Amendola L, van Urk P, Boriani S. Osteoid osteoma of the mobile spine: surgical outcomes in 81 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(24):2089-93.
23. Keim HA, Reina EG. Osteoid-osteoma as a cause of scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57(2):159-63.
24. Wells RG, Miller JH, Sty JR. Scintigraphic patterns in osteoid osteoma and spondylolysis. Clin Nucl Med. 1987;12(1):39-44.
25. Galgano MA, Goulart CR, Iwenofu H, Chin LS, Lavelle W, Mendel E. Osteoblastomas of the spine: a comprehensive review. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(2):E4.
26. Crim JR, Mirra JM, Eckardt JJ, Seeger LL. Widespread inflammatory response to osteoblastoma: the flare phenomenon. Radiology. 1990;177(3):835-6.
27. Atesok KI, Alman BA, Schemitsch EH, Peyser A, Mankin H. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(11):678-89.
28. Zileli M, Isik HS, Ogut FE, Is M, Cagli S, Calli C. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(3):593-601.
29. Chan MSM, Wong YC, Yuen MK, Lam D. Spinal aneurysmal bone cyst causing acute cord compression without vertebral collapse: CT and MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32(8):601-4.
30. Girolami M, Caravelli S, Persiani V, Ghermandi R, Gasbarrini A. Do multiple fluid-fluid levels on MRI always reveal primary benign aneurysmal bone cyst? J Neurosurg Sci. 2018;62(2):234-6.
31. Suzuki M, Satoh T, Nishida J, Kato S, Toba T, Honda T, et al. Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst of the cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(17):E376-381.
32. Mankin HJ, Hornicek FJ, Ortiz-Cruz E, Villafuerte J, Gebhardt MC. Aneurysmal bone cyst: a review of 150 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6756-62.
33. Amendola L, Simonetti L, Simoes CE, Bandiera S, De Iure F, Boriani S. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mobile spine: the therapeutic role of embolization. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(3):533-41.
34. Meyer S, Reinhard H, Graf N, Kramann B, Schneider G. Arterial embolization of a secondary aneurysmatic bone cyst of the thoracic spine prior to surgical excision in a 15-year-old girl. Eur J Radiol. 2002;43(1):79-81.
35. Kumar D, Kumar S, Kumar D, Patel BM, Kumar A, Kumar S, et al. Sclerotherapy for aneurysmal bone cyst: a single-center experience. Cureus. 2021;13(10):e18469.
36. Maximen J, Robin F, Tronchot A, Rossetti A, Ropars M, Guggenbuhl P. Denosumab in the management of aneurysmal bone cyst. Joint Bone Spine. 2022;89(1):105260.
37. Palmerini E, Ruggieri P, Angelini A, Boriani S, Campanacci D, Milano GM, et al. Denosumab in patients with aneurysmal bone cysts: a case series with preliminary results. Tumori. 2018;104(5):344-51.
38. Raux S, Bouhamama A, Gaspar N, Brugières L, Entz-Werlé N, Mallet C, et al. Denosumab for treating aneurysmal bone cysts in children. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2019;105(6):1181-5.
39. Patnaik S, Jyotsnarani Y, Uppin SG, Susarla R. Imaging features of primary tumors of the spine: a pictorial essay. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2016;26(2):279-89.
40. Pillai SS, Harisankar M. Prevalence, location along the spine and demographic distribution of vertebral hemangiomas in Southern India: an magnetic resonance imaging-based cross-sectional study of 624 subjects. Journal of Orthopaedic Association of South Indian States. 2021;18(1):3.
41. Patel A, James SL, Davies AM, Botchu R. Spinal imaging update: an introduction to techniques for advanced MRI. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B(12):1683-92.
42. Cloran FJ, Pukenas BA, Loevner LA, Aquino C, Schuster J, Mohan S. Aggressive spinal haemangiomas: imaging correlates to clinical presentation with analysis of treatment algorithm and clinical outcomes. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1055):20140771.
43. Jha SK, Killeen RB, de Jesus O. Eosinophilic granuloma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 23].
44. Bansal AG, Oudsema R, Masseaux JA, Rosenberg HK. US of pediatric superficial masses of the head and neck. Radiographics. 2018;38(4):1239-63.
45. Seimon LP. Eosinophil granuloma of the spine. J Pediatr Orthop. 1981;1(4):371-6.
46. Rimondi E, Mavrogenis AF, Rossi G, Ussia G, Angelini A, Ruggieri P. CT-guided corticosteroid injection for solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the spine. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40(6):757-64.
47. Mavrogenis AF, Abati CN, Bosco G, Ruggieri P. Intralesional methylprednisolone for painful solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the appendicular skeleton in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(4):416-22.
48. Capanna R, Springfield DS, Ruggieri P, Biagini R, Picci P, Bacci G, et al. Direct cortisone injection in eosinophilic granuloma of bone: a preliminary report on 11 patients. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5(3):339-42.
49. Green NE, Robertson WW, Kilroy AW. Eosinophilic granuloma of the spine with associated neural deficit. Report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(7):1198-202.
50. Drazin D, Bhamb N, Al-Khouja LT, Kappel AD, Kim TT, Johnson JP, et al. Image-guided resection of aggressive sacral tumors. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(1):E15.
51. Bhojraj SY, Nene A, Mohite S, Varma R. Giant cell tumor of the spine: a review of 9 surgical interventions in 6 cases. Indian J Orthop. 2007;41(2):146-50.
52. Murphey MD, Nomikos GC, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH, Temple HT, Kransdorf MJ. From the archives of AFIP. Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2001;21(5):1283-309.
53. Hart RA, Boriani S, Biagini R, Currier B, Weinstein JN. A system for surgical staging and management of spine tumors. A clinical outcome study of giant cell tumors of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22(15):1773-82; discussion 1783.
54. Di Lorenzo N, Spallone A, Nolletti A, Nardi P. Giant cell tumors of the spine: a clinical study of six cases, with emphasis on the radiological features, treatment, and follow-up. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(1):29-34.
55. Miszczyk L, Wydmański J, Spindel J. Efficacy of radiotherapy for giant cell tumor of bone: given either postoperatively or as sole treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49(5):1239-42.
56. Charest-Morin R, Boriani S, Fisher CG, Patel SR, Kawahara N, Mendel E, et al. Benign tumors of the spine: has new chemotherapy and interventional radiology changed the treatment paradigm? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(Suppl 20):S178-85.