Referências Bibliográficas

1.Garcia SML, Fernández CG. Embriologia. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2009.

2.Wolpert L, et al. Princípios de biologia do desenvolvimento. In: Beddington R, Brockes J, Jessel T, et al. Princípios de biologia do desenvolvimento. 2000;484-484.

3.Schoenwolf GC, Bleyl SB, Brauer PR, Franciswest PH. Larsen: embriologia humana. Rio de Janeiro; 1996.

1.Hirsch C. The reaction of intervertebral discs to compression forces. J Bone Joint Surg. 1955;37A:1188.

2.Prasad P, King AI, Ewing CL. The role of articular facets during +Gz acceleration. J Appl Mech. 1974;41:321.

3.Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Pintar FA. Spinal facet joint biomechanics and mechanotransduction in injury and degeneration. Spine Pain. 2011.

1.As referências foram mantidas na ordem e com a numeração apresentadas no capítulo. A formatação foi uniformizada segundo o padrão Vancouver, sem completar dados por suposição.

2.Alvarez FJ, Fyffe RE. The continuing case for the Renshaw cell. J Physiol. 2007 Oct 1;584(Pt 1):31–45. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.136200. Epub 2007 Jul 19.

3.Rexed B. The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in cat. J Comp Neurol. 1952;96:415–495.

1.Denaro V, Di Martino A. Cervical spine surgery: an historical perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Mar;469(3):639-48. doi: 10.1007/s11999-010-1752-3. PMID: 21213087; PMCID: PMC3032865.

2.Araújo JA, Ribeiro R, Fiore N. Anatomia e técnicas: abordagens anterior e laterais à coluna vertebral. Programa de formação contínua. AO Spine Latin America; 2015.

3.De Boer P, Buckley R, Hoppenfeld S. Surgical exposures in orthopaedics: the anatomic approach. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2022.

1.Xu R BA Ebraheim NA. The quantitative anatomy of the laminas of the spine. Spine. 1999;24:107-113.

2.Maiman DJ, Pintar FA. Anatomy and clinical biomechanics of the thoracic spine. Clin Neurosurg. 1992;38:296-324.

3.Chaynes P, Sol JC, Vaysse P, Bécue J, Lagarrigue J. Vertebral pedicle anatomy in relation to pedicle screw fixation: a cadaver study. Surg Radiol Anat. 2001;23(2):85-90.

1.Gotecha S, Punia P, Ranade D, Patil A, Chugh A, Kotecha M. Anterior approach to the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine: a prospective study in our hospital. Egypt Spine J. 2020;34(1):36-47. doi:10.21608/esj.2020.24832.1125.

2.Moreira CHT, Krause Neto W, Meves R. Thoracolumbar burst fractures: short fixation, without arthrodesis and without removal of the implant. Acta Ortop Bras. 2023 Apr 17;31(spe 1):e253655. doi:10.1590/1413785220233101e253655.

3.Capener N. The evolution of lateral rhachotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1954 May;36B(2):173-9. doi:10.1302/0301620X.36B2.173.

1.Rathbone J, Rackham M, Nielsen D, Lee SM, Hing W, Riar S, Scott-Young M. A systematic review of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) versus posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF). Eur Spine J. 2023 Jun;32(6):1911-1926. doi:10.1007/s00586-023-07567-x. Epub 2023 Apr 18. PMID:37071155.

2.Palacios P, Palacios I, Palacios A, Gutiérrez JC, Mariscal G, Lorente A. Efficacy and safety of the extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) technique in spine surgery: meta-analysis of 1409 patients. J Clin Med. 2024 Feb 7;13(4):960. doi:10.3390/jcm13040960. PMID:38398273; PMCID:PMC10889658.

3.Feng DP, Liu MQ, Zhang W, Wang JQ, Li ZW. Anterior column realignment via a minimally invasive hybrid approach in adult spinal deformity surgery: a short-term retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023 Dec 19;24(1):979. doi:10.1186/s12891-023-07106-1. PMID:38114995; PMCID:PMC10729504.

1.Dubousset J. Three-dimensional analysis of the scoliotic deformity. The pediatric spine: principles and practice. New York: Raven Press; 1994.

2.Le Huec JC, Aunoble S, Pellet N, Sibilla F, Saddiki R, Roussouly P. Importance de l’analyse de l’équilibre sagittal en pathologie rachidienne – rôle de la balance spino-pelvienne dans les maladies dégénératives du rachis. Maîtrise Orthopédique. 2009;184.

3.Le Huec JC, Thompson W, Mohsinaly Y, Barrey C, Faundez A. Sagittal balance of the spine. European Spine Journal. 2019;28(9):1889-905.

1.Urist MR, O’Connor BT, Burwell RG. Bone graft, derivatives & substitutes. Cambridge: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.

2.Hampel GA, Yilmaz E, Massrey C, Clifton W, Iwanaga J, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. History of bone grafts in spine surgery. Cureus. 2022;14(5):e24655.

3.Lee BJ, Seok MC, Koo HW, Jeong JH, Ko MJ. Bone substitute options for spine fusion in patients with spine trauma — Part I: fusion biology, autografts, allografts, demineralized bone matrix, and ceramics. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2023;19(4):446-53.

1.Murugan SS. Mechanical properties of materials: definition, testing and application. Int J Mod Stud Mech Eng. 2020;6(2):28-38. doi:10.20431/2454-9711.0602003.

2.Ribeiro AMA, da Silva FS, Gomes JRA, de Andrade Silva J, Bártolo PJ, Oliveira AL. Biomaterials in orthopedic devices: current issues and future perspectives. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(10):3622. doi:10.3390/ma15103622.

3.Geetha M, Singh AK, Asokamani R, Gogia AK. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants: a review. Prog Mater Sci. 2009;54(3):397-425. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004.

1.Greene ND, Copp AJ. Neural tube defects. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2014;37:221-42.

2.Yacob A, Carr CJ, Foote J, Scullen T, Werner C, Mathkour M, et al. The global burden of neural tube defects and disparities in neurosurgical care. World Neurosurg. 2021;149:e803-e820.

3.Dolk H, Loane M, Garne E. The prevalence of congenital anomalies in Europe. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;686:349-64.

1.As referências foram mantidas na ordem e com a numeração apresentadas no capítulo. A pontuação e a disposição foram uniformizadas segundo o estilo Vancouver, sem completar por suposição informações ausentes.

2.Barros Filho TEP, Lech O. Exame físico em ortopedia. São Paulo: Sarvier; 2001.

3.Bridwell KH, Dewald RL, editors. The textbook of spinal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.

1.Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders: clinical-electrophysiologic-ultrasound correlations. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.

2.Dillingham TR, et al. Evaluation of persons with suspected lumbosacral and cervical radiculopathy: electrodiagnostic assessment and implications for treatment and outcomes. Part I. Muscle Nerve. 2020 Oct;62(4):462-73. doi:10.1002/mus.26997.

3.DePalma MJ, et al. What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role? Pain Med. 2011 Feb;12(2):224-33. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.01045.x.

1.As referências foram mantidas na ordem e com a numeração apresentadas no capítulo. A pontuação e a disposição foram uniformizadas segundo o estilo Vancouver, sem completar por suposição informações ausentes.

2.Vauzelle C, et al. Functional monitoring of spinal cord activity during spinal surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1973;(93):173-8.

3.Ferreira RJR, et al. Spinal deformity surgery. In: Verst S, et al. Intraoperative monitoring neurophysiology and surgical approaches. Springer; 2022. p. 459-493.

1.As referências foram mantidas na ordem e com a numeração do capítulo. A pontuação e a apresentação foram uniformizadas segundo o estilo Vancouver, sem completar por suposição informações ausentes.

2.Hassankhani A, Freeman CW, Banks J, Parsons MS, Wessell DE, Hutchins TA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Spinal Trauma: 2024 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2025;22(5S):S48-S66.

3.Loizides A, Obernauer J, Bale R, Plaikner M, Galiano K, Gruber H. Ultrasound-guided injections in the spine. Tech Orthop. 2013;28:6-11.

1.Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Anatomia orientada para a clínica. 7. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2014.

2.Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):363-70.

3.Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):3072-80.

1.Krasin E, Schermann H, Snir N, Tudor A, Behrbalk E. A quick and comprehensive guide to differential diagnosis of neck and back pain: a narrative review. SN Compr Clin Med. 2022;4(1):232.

2.Afonso Jr AS, Alves AC, Oliveira CH, Carreiro LRR, Becker N. Introdução à neuroanatomia e à neurofisiologia. Cadernos de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento (São Paulo). 2022;22(2):84-107.

3.Lopes JMC. Fisiopatologia da dor. 1. ed. Porto, Portugal: Permanyer Portugal; 2003.

1.American College of Surgeons. Advanced Trauma Life Support® student course manual. 10. ed. Chicago (IL): American College of Surgeons; 2018.

2.Neal CJ, McCafferty RR, Freedman B, et al. Cervical and thoracolumbar spine injury evaluation, transport, and surgery in the deployed setting. Mil Med. 2018;183:83-91.

3.Filho TEPDB, Lech O. Exame físico em ortopedia. 3. ed. São Paulo: Sarvier Editora de Livros Médicos.

1.Simeonova I, Sandner B, et al. Neural stem cell transplantation for spinal cord repair. In: Fehlings MG, Harrop JS, editors. AOSpine master series. Vol. 10. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2017. p. 111-123. doi:10.1055/b-0036-137999.

2.Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(1):CD001046. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001046.pub2.

3.Schouten R, Albert T, et al. The spine-injured patient: initial assessment and emergency treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012 Jun;20(6):336-46. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-20-06-336. PMID:22661563.

1.Burg MC, Siewe J, Eysel P, Sobottke R. Clinical relevance of occipital condyle fractures. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2020;11(2):83-7.

2.Batista RF, de Andrade LCS, Garcia JS, Lima MJ, Chagas-Neto FA. Observational study of patients with occipital condyle fracture at a Brazilian referral trauma center. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2021;48:e20213024.

3.Kwon JH, Chinthala AS, Arnold JC, Witten AJ, Bohnstedt BN. Management of Type III occipital condyle fractures. J Clin Med. 2024;13(24):7639. doi:10.3390/jcm13247639.

1.Montesano PX, Jauch E, Jonsson H Jr. Anatomic and biomechanical study of posterior cervical spine plate arthrodesis: an evaluation of two different techniques of screw placement. J Spinal Disord. 1992;5:301-5.

2.Vaccaro AR, Betz RR, Zeidhman SH. Principles and practice of spinal surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003.

3.Jones EL, Heller JG, Silcox DH, Hutton WC. Cervical pedicle screws versus lateral mass screws. Anatomic feasibility and biomechanical comparison. Spine. 1997;22:977-82.

1.Bezerra Junior DL, Sá BFA, Pokorny GHO, Almeida NS, Silva DRC, Silva JPG, et al. Epidemiological analysis of patients victims of surgical thoracic/lumbar fractures treated at a tertiary hospital in Brazil. J Bras Neurocirur. 2023;34(4):422-7. doi:10.22290/jbnc.2023.340402.

2.National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham; 2021.

3.Cunha FM, Menezes CM, Guimarães EP. Lesões traumáticas da coluna torácica e lombar. Rev Bras Ortop. 2000;35(1/2):17-22.

1.As referências foram mantidas na mesma ordem do capítulo, com normalização apenas de pontuação e apresentação, sem acrescentar informações ausentes por suposição.

2.Denis F, Davis S, Comfort T. Sacral fractures: an important problem. Retrospective analysis of 236 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;(227):67-81.

3.Bydon M, De la Garza-Ramos R, Macki M, Desai A, Gokaslan AK, Bydon A. Incidence of sacral fractures and in-hospital postoperative complications in the United States. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(18):E1103-9.

1.Pang D, Wilberger JE Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg. 1982;57(1):114-129.

2.Cristante AF, et al. Lesões traumáticas da coluna vertebral na infância e adolescência. Rev Bras Ortop. 2012;47(4):420-428.

3.Leonard M, et al. Pediatric cervical spine trauma: a comprehensive review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014;30(1):15-28.

1.Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) and the Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(1):3-44.

2.Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(9):1137-1148.

3.Blattert TR, Schnake KJ, Gonschorek O, et al. White Paper: DGOU-Section Spine's Recommendations for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures. Global Spine J. 2018;8(2 Suppl):34S-45S.

1.NSCISC. Annual Report for the Model Spinal Cord Injury Care Systems. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; 2005.

2.American College of Surgeons. NTDB Annual Report. Table 26. Incidents by AIS Body Region. Committee on Trauma. American College of Surgeons; 2016.

3.White AA, Panjabi MM, Thomas CL. The clinical biomechanics of kyphotic deformities. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;(128):8-17.

1.As referências foram mantidas na mesma ordem e numeração apresentadas no capítulo. A apresentação foi uniformizada segundo o padrão Vancouver quando os elementos disponíveis permitiram, sem completar informações ausentes por suposição.

2.Dickson RA. Idiopathic scoliosis: foundation for physiological treatment. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1987;69(3):89-96.

3.Martins SCM, Mystro S, Veiga IG, Rosa AF, Lima MC, Tebet MA, Pasqualini W, Cavali PTM, Risso Neto MI. Epidemiological portrait of pediatric scoliosis in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Coluna/Columna. 2023;22(3):e273410.

1.Williams BA, Matsumoto H, McCalla DJ, Akbarnia BA, Blakemore LC, Betz RR, et al. Development and initial validation of the Classification of Early-Onset Scoliosis (C-EOS). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(16):1359-67.

2.Ruiz G, Torres-Lugo NJ, Marrero-Ortiz P, Guzmán H, Olivella G, Ramírez N. Early-onset scoliosis: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2022;7(8):599-610.

3.Cetik RM, Yazici M. The hidden cost of growth-friendly treatment for early onset scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop Soc North Am. 2022;4(4):577.

1.Kuznia AL, Hernandez AK, Lee LU. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: common questions and answers. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(1):19-23.

2.Kim H, Kim HS, Moon ES, et al. Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 2010;30(7):1823-42. doi:10.1148/rg.307105061.

3.Trobisch P, Suess O, Schwab F. Idiopathic scoliosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(49):875-83; quiz 884. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0875.

1.Wishart BD, Kivlehan E. Neuromuscular scoliosis: when, who, why and outcomes. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2021;32(3):547-56.

2.Halawi MJ, Lark RK, Fitch RD. Neuromuscular scoliosis: current concepts. Orthopedics. 2015;38(6):e452-6.

3.Allam AM, Schwabe AL. Neuromuscular scoliosis. PM R. 2013;5(11):957-63.

1.White C, Milla SS, Maloney JA, Neuberger I. Imaging of congenital spine malformations. Clin Perinatol. 2022;49(3):623-40. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2022.05.003.

2.Dewald CJ, Dewald RL. Spinal deformities: the comprehensive text. 2nd ed. New York: Thieme; 2024.

3.Luciano MG, Elbabaa SK. Myelomeningocele and associated anomalies. In: Benzel’s Spine Surgery. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2016.

1.Kissil JL, Blakeley JO, Ferner RE, Huson SM, Kalamarides M, Mautner VF, et al. What’s new in neurofibromatosis? Proceedings from the 2009 NF conference: New frontiers. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152(2):269-83.

2.Jett K, Friedman JM. Clinical and genetic aspects of neurofibromatosis 1. Genet Med. 2010;12(1):1-11.

3.Maertens O, De Schepper S, Vandesompele J, Brems H, Heyns I, Janssens S, et al. Molecular dissection of isolated disease features in mosaic neurofibromatosis type 1. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(2):243-51.

1.Hensinger RN. Congenital scoliosis: etiology and associations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(17):1745-50.

2.Kaplan KM, Spivak JM, Bendo JA. Embryology of the spine and associated congenital abnormalities. Spine J. 2005;5(5):564-76.

3.Rivard CH. Effects of hypoxia on the embryogenesis of congenital vertebral malformations in the mouse. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(208):126-30.

1.Rogala EJ, Drummond DS, Gurr J. Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60(2):173-6. PMID: 641080.

2.Branthwaite MA. Cardiorespiratory consequences of unfused idiopathic scoliosis. Br J Dis Chest. 1986;80(4):360-9. doi:10.1016/0007-0971(86)90089-6. PMID: 3620323.

3.Pehrsson K, Larsson S, Oden A, Nachemson A. Long-term follow-up of patients with untreated scoliosis. A study of mortality, causes of death, and symptoms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17(9):1091-6. doi:10.1097/00007632-199209000-0014. PMID: 1411763.

1.Aebi M. The adult scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(10):925-48.

2.Nasri F. O envelhecimento populacional no Brasil Einstein. 2008;6(Supl 1):S4-S6.

3.Bess S, Line B, Fu KM, McCarthy I, Lafage V, Schwab F, et al. The health impact of symptomatic adult spinal deformity: comparison of deformity types to United States population norms and chronic diseases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(3):224-33.

1.Levy BJ, Schulz JF, Fornari ED, Wollowick AL. Complications associated with surgical repair of syndromic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2015;10:14. doi:10.1186/s13013-015-0035-x.

2.Liang W, Yu B, Wang Y, Li Z, Qiu G, Shen J, et al. Comparison of posterior correction results between Marfan syndrome scoliosis and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis-a retrospective case-series study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10:73. doi:10.1186/s13018-015-0210-z.

3.Campbell JW. Dysplasias in the child’s spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2022;33(1S):e1-e10. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2022.02.001.

1.Guiroy A, Carazzo C, Camino-Willhuber G, Morales Ciancio A, Remondino R, Nin F, et al. Time to surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: how long does it take? A multicenter study. World Neurosurg X. 2023;19:100187.

2.Ahn H, Kreder H, Mahomed N, Beaton D, Wright JG. Empirically derived maximal acceptable wait time for surgery to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. CMAJ. 2011;183(9):E565-70.

3.Teixeira Da Silva LEC, De Barros AGC, De Azevedo GBL. Management of severe and rigid idiopathic scoliosis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2015;25(Suppl 1):7-12.

1.Herbiniaux G. Traité sur divers accouchemens laborieux et sur les polypes de la matrice... 1782.

2.Lonstein JE. Spondylolisthesis in children. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(24):2640.

3.Lan Z, Yan J, Yang Y, Xu Q, Jin Q. A review of the main classifications of lumbar spondylolisthesis. World Neurosurg. 2023;171:94-102.

1.Wang YXJ, Káplár Z, Deng M, Leung JCS. Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis epidemiology: A systematic review with a focus on gender-specific and age-specific prevalence. J Orthop Translat 2017; 11: 39–52.

2.Atalay B, Gadjradj PS, Sommer FS, Wright D, Rawanduzy C, Ghogawala Z et al. Natural History of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 2023; 176: e634–e643.

3.Bydon M, Alvi MA, Goyal A. Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: Definition, Natural History, Conservative Management, and Surgical Treatment. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2019; 30: 299–304.

1.Observação importante: o manuscrito contém duas listas bibliográficas sucessivas, com reinício da numeração após a referência 41. Como não é possível determinar apenas pelo arquivo qual delas deverá prevalecer na edição final, ambas são preservadas abaixo separadamente, sem fusão ou exclusão por suposição.

2.Lista bibliográfica 1 — conforme o manuscrito

3.Abumi K, Panjabi MM, Kramer KM, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of lumbar spinal stability after graded facetectomies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15:1142-7.

1.Štulík J, Nesnídal P, Šebesta P, Vyskočil T, Kryl J. Kyphotic deformities of the cervical spine. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2011;78(3):215-24.

2.Tan LA, Riew KD, Traynelis VC. Cervical spine deformity – Part 1: biomechanics, radiographic parameters, and classification. Neurosurgery. 2017;81(2):197-203.

3.Nottmeier EW, Deen HG, Patel N, Birch B. Cervical kyphotic deformity correction using 360-degree reconstruction. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2009;22(6):385-91.

1.Modic MT, Ross JS. Lumbar degenerative disk disease. Radiology. 2007;245(1):43-61.

2.Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356-67.

3.Wang F, et al. Aging and degenerative changes of intervertebral disc. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(8):1324.

1.Fejer R, Kyvik KO, Hartvigsen J. The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):834-48.

2.Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):783-92.

3.Clark CR, Benzel EC, Cervical Spine Research Society, Editorial Committee. The Cervical Spine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

1.O capítulo apresenta 79 referências, mantidas integralmente no arquivo de referências anexado.

2.Key CA. On paraplegia depending on the ligament of the spine. Guy’s Hosp Rep. 1838;3:17-34.

3.Middleton GS, Teacher JH. Injury of the spinal cord due to rupture of an intervertebral disc during muscular effort. Glasgow Med J. 1911;76(1):1-6.

1.Mixter WJ, Barr JS. Rupture of intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal. N Engl J Med. 1934;211:210-4.

2.Battié MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Fisher LD, Manninen H, Gill K. Determinants of lumbar disc degeneration: a study relating lifetime exposures and magnetic resonance imaging findings in identical twins. Spine. 1995;20(24):2601-12.

3.Videman T, Leppävuori J, Kaprio J, Battié MC, Gibbons LE, Peltonen L, et al. Intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(23):2477-85.

1.Genevay S, Atlas SJ. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(2):253-65.

2.Sarpyener MA. Congenital stricture of the spinal canal. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1945;27:70-9.

3.Kemp S, Wheldon T, Balmain A, et al. A history of lumbar spinal stenosis. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(1):E1.

1.Frymoyer JW, Ducker TB, Hadler NM, Kostuik JP, Weinstein JN, Thomas S, et al. The adult spine: principles and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.

2.Panjabi MM, White AA. Clinical biomechanics of the spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1990.

3.Granata KP, Marras WS. Cost-benefit of muscle contraction in protecting against spinal instability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(11):1398-404.

1.McCormick WE, Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC. Cervical spondy- lotic myelopathy: make the difficult diagnosis, then refer for surgery. Cleve Clin J Med. 2003;70(10):899-904. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.70.10.899.

2.Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, Benjamin Davies, Nanna-Lohkamp L, Garwood P, Martin AR et al. Degenerative Cervical Mye- lopathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis. Global Spine J. 2022;12(8):1881-93. doi: 10.1177/21925682211072847.

3.Nouri A, Tetreault L, Singh A, Karadimas SK, Fehlings MG. De- generative cervical myelopathy. Spine. 2015;40(12):E675- -E693. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000913.

1.GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1545-602.

2.Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356-67.

3.Dieleman JL, Baral R, Birger M, Bui AL, Bulchis A, Chapin A, et al. US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996-2013. JAMA. 2016;316(24):2627-46.

1.Machado ES, Soares FP, Vianna de Abreu E, Souza TAC, Meves R, Grohs H, et al. Systematic review of platelet-rich plasma for low back pain. Biomedicines. 2023;11(9):2404.

2.Collins T, Alexander D, Barkatali B. Platelet-rich plasma: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2021;6(4):225-35.

3.Nazaroff J, Oyadomari S, Brown N, Wang D. Reporting in clinical studies on platelet-rich plasma therapy among all medical specialties: a systematic review of Level I and II studies. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250007.

1.Boriani S, et al. Spinal Cord and Spinal Column Tumors. In: Principles of Neurosurgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2012.

2.AOSpine Masters Series, Vol. 2: Primary Spinal Tumors. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2015.

3.Oliveira M, Cristante AF, Marcon RM. Princípios do Tratamento dos Tumores da Coluna Vertebral. In: Atualizações em Tumores Ortopédicos; 2019.

1.Poon M, Zeng L, Zhang L, Lam H, Emmenegger U, Wong E, et al. Incidence of skeletal-related events over time from solid tumour bone metastases reported in randomised trials using bone-modifying agents. Clin Oncol. 2013;25(7):435-44.

2.Hayat MJ, Howlader N, Reichman ME, Edwards BK. Cancer statistics, trends, and multiple primary cancer analyses from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Oncologist. 2007;12(1):20-37.

3.Fisher CG, DiPaola CP, Ryken TC, Bilsky MH, Shaffrey CI, Berven SH, et al. A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(22):E1221-9.

1.Ciftdemir M, Kaya M, Selcuk E, Yalniz E. Tumors of the spine. World J Orthop. 2016;7(2):109-16.

2.Riahi H, Mechri M, Barsaoui M, Bouaziz M, Vanhoenacker F, Ladeb M. Imaging of benign tumors of the osseous spine. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2018;102(1):13.

3.Ariyaratne S, Jenko N, Iyengar KP, James S, Mehta J, Botchu R. Primary benign neoplasms of the spine. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(12):2006.

1.Chi JH, Bydon A, Hsieh P, Witham T, Wolinsky J, Gokaslan ZL. Epidemiology and demographics for primary vertebral tumors. J Spinal Disord. 2008;19:1-4.

2.Kelley SP, Ashford RU, Rao AS, Dickson RA. Primary bone tumours of the spine: a 42-year survey from the Leeds Regional Bone Tumour Registry. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(3):405-9.

3.Weinstein JN, McLain RF. Primary tumors of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987;12(9):843-51.

1.Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Payne R, Saris S, Kryscio RJ, et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9486):643-8.

2.Coleman RE. Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(20 Pt 2):6243s-6249s.

3.Yamada Y, Lovelock DM, Bilsky MH. A review of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for spinal tumors. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;15(5):E5.

1.Duong LM, McCarthy BJ, McLendon RE, Dolecek TA, Kruchko C, Douglas LL, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors, United States, 2004-2007. Cancer. 2012;118(17):4220-7.

2.Ottenhausen M, Ntoulias G, Bodhinayake I, Ruppert FH, Schreiber S, Förschler A, et al. Intradural spinal tumors in adults-update on management and outcome. Neurosurg Rev. 2019;42(2):371-88.

3.Liu L, Shi L, Su Y, Wang K, Wang H. Epidemiological features of spinal intradural tumors, a single-center clinical study in Beijing, China. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):1-7.

1.Coleman RE. Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2001;27(3):165-176.

2.Guckenberger M, Allred C, Apte A, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases: benefits and limitations. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2021;31(2):160-167.

3.Alcorn S, Cortés ÁA, Bradfield L, Brennan M, Dennis K, Diaz DA, et al. External Beam Radiation Therapy for Palliation of Symptomatic Bone Metastases: An ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2024;14(5):377-397.

1.Garfin SR, Eismont FJ, Bell GR, Bono CM, Fischgrund JS. Rothman-Simeone the spine e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.

2.Boos N. Spinal disorders: fundamentals of diagnosis and treatment. Aebi M. Berlin: Springer; 2008.

3.Vinas FC. Spinal Infections. Updated 07/2024. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1266702

1.Navarro-Compán V, Sepriano A, Capelusnik D, Baraliakos X. Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet. 2025;405(10473):159-72.

2.Akgul O, Ozgocmen S. Classification criteria for spondyloarthropathies. World J Orthop. 2011;2(12):107.

3.Walsh JA, Magrey M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2020;27(8):e547.

1.de Paula FJA, Black DM, Rosen CJ. Osteoporosis: basic and clinical aspects. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Rosen CJ, Kopp PA, editors. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. p. 1233-75.

2.Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: the 2021 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2021;28(9):973-97.

3.Cosman F, Lewiecki EM, Eastell R, Ebeling PR, Jan De Beur S, Langdahl B, et al. Goal-directed osteoporosis treatment: ASBMR/BHOF task force position statement 2024. J Bone Miner Res. 2024;39(10):1393-405.

1.Gallie WE. Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. Am J Surg. 1939;46(3):495-9.

2.Hamblen DL. Occipito-cervical fusion: indications, technique and results. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49(1):33-45.

3.Boden SD, Dodge LD, Bohlman HH, Rechtine GR. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine: a long-term analysis with predictors of paralysis and recovery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(9):1282-97.

1.Asano LYJ, Bergamaschi JPM, Dowling A, Rodrigues LMR. Discectomia endoscópica transforaminal lombar: Resultados clínicos e complicações. Rev Bras Ortop. 2020;55(1):48-53.

2.Bao BX, Zhou JW, Yu PF, Chi C, Qiang H, Yan H. Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy and foraminoplasty for treating central lumbar stenosis. Orthop Surg. 2019;11(6):1093-100.

3.Ju CI, Lee SM. Complications and management of endoscopic spinal surgery. Neurospine. 2023;20(1):56-77.

1.Chen KT, Jabri H, Lokanath YK, Song MS, Kim JS. The evolution of interlaminar endoscopic spine surgery. J Spine Surg. 2020;6(2):502.

2.Kim M, Kim HS, Oh SW, Adsul NM, Singh R, Kashlan ON, et al. Evolution of spinal endoscopic surgery. Neurospine. 2019;16(1):6-14.

3.Ruetten S, Komp M, Godolias G. A new full-endoscopic technique for the interlaminar operation of lumbar disc herniations using 6-mm endoscopes: prospective 2-year results of 331 patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2006;49(2):80-7.

1.Arce CA, et al. Thoracic disc herniations: incidence and significance. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1985.

2.Wood KB, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995.

3.Uribe JS, et al. The current management of thoracic disc herniations. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010.

1.Huang CC, Fitts J, Huie D, Bhowmick DA, Abd-El-Barr MM. Evolution of cervical endoscopic spine surgery: current progress and future directions — a narrative review. Glob Spine J. 2024;13(7):2122. doi:10.3390/jcm13072122.O’Toole JE, Sheikh H, Eichholz KM, Fessler RG, Perez-Cruet MJ. Endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy and discectomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2006;17(4):411-22.

2.Ruetten S, Komp M, Merk H, Godolias G. Full-endoscopic cervical posterior foraminotomy for the operation of lateral disc herniations using 5.9-mm endoscopes: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(9):940-8.

3.Ruetten S, Komp M, Merk H, Godolias G. Full-endoscopic anterior decompression versus conventional anterior decompression and fusion in cervical disc herniations. Int Orthop. 2009;33(6):1677-82.

1.Smith GW, Robinson RA. The treatment of certain cervical-spine disorders by anterior removal of the intervertebral disc and interbody fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40-A(3):607-24.

2.Ahn Y, Lee SH, Shin SW. Percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy: clinical outcome and radiographic changes. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(4):362-8.

3.Komp M, Oezdemir S, Hahn P, Ruetten S. Full-endoscopic posterior foraminotomy surgery for cervical disc herniations. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2018;30(1):13-24.

1.Yasargil MG. Microsurgical Operation of Herniated Lumbar Disc. In: Wüllenweber R, Brock M, Hamer J, Klinger M, Spoerri O, editors. Lumbar Disc Adult Hydrocephalus. Berlin: Springer; 1977. p. 81.

2.Caspar W. A New Surgical Procedure for Lumbar Disc Herniation Causing Less Tissue Damage Through a Microsurgical Approach. In: Wüllenweber R, Brock M, Hamer J, Klinger M, Spoerri O, editors. Lumbar Disc Adult Hydrocephalus. Berlin: Springer; 1977. p. 74-80.

3.Hijikata S. Percutaneous nucleotomy. A new concept technique and 12 years’ experience. Clin Orthop. 1989;(238):9-23.

1.Cloward RB. The treatment of ruptured lumbar intervertebral discs by vertebral body fusion. I. Indications, operative technique, after care. J Neurosurg. 1953;10(2):154-68.

2.Fenton-White HA. Trailblazing: the historical development of the posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Spine J. 2021;21(9):1528-41.

3.Collis JS. Total disc replacement: a modified posterior lumbar interbody fusion: report of 750 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;193:64-67.

1.Guiroy A, de Andrada-Pereira B, Camino-Willhuber G, Berjano P, Lamartina C, Buckland AJ, et al. Setting for single-position surgery: survey from expert spinal surgeons. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(9):2239-47.

2.Guiroy A, Bayaton AJ, McDermott MR, Spieser C, Thomas JA, Menezes CM, et al. Advances in lateral interbody fusion and single position surgery. Neurosurgery. 2025;96(3S):S9-S16.

3.Menezes CM, Lacerda GC, Salomão Junior MSB, Oliveira NS, Melo RAD, Bissoli AF. Lumbar arthrodesis in lateral single position: concepts, rational and clinical-functional results of 100 consecutive cases. Coluna/Columna. 2023;22(1):e262620.

1.Pimenta L, Taylor WR, Stone LE, Wali AR, Santiago-Dieppa DR. Prone transpsoas technique for simultaneous single position access to the anterior and posterior spine. Oper Neurosurg. 2020;20(1):E5-E12.

2.Pimenta L, Amaral R, Taylor W, Tohmeh A, Pokorny G, Rodrigues R, et al. The prone transpsoas technique: preliminary radiographic results of a multicenter experience. Eur Spine J. 2020;30(1):108-13.

3.Drossopoulos PN, Bardeesi A, Wang TY, Huang CC, Ononogbu-Uche FC, Than KD, et al. Advancing prone-transpsoas spine surgery: a narrative review and evolution of indications with representative cases. J Clin Med. 2024;13(4):1112.

1.Mayer MH. A new microsurgical technique for minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 1997;22(6):691-699.

2.Ozgur BM, Aryan HE, Pimenta L, Taylor WR. Extreme lateral interbody fusion: a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine J. 2006;6:435-43.

3.Silvestre C, Mac-Thiong JM, Hilmi R, Roussouly P. Complications and morbidities of mini-open anterior retroperitoneal lumbar interbody fusion: oblique lumbar interbody fusion in 179 patients. Asian Spine J. 2012;6(2):89-97.

1.Hodgson AR, Stock FE. The Classic: anterior spinal fusion: a preliminary communication on the radical treatment of Pott’s disease and Pott’s paraplegia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;444:10-5.

2.Matur AV, Mejia-Munne JC, Plummer ZJ, Cheng JS, Prestigiacomo CJ. The history of anterior and lateral approaches to the lumbar spine. World Neurosurg. 2020;144:213-21.

3.Brown NJ, Pennington Z, Kuo CC, Lopez AM, Picton B, Solomon S, et al. Endoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Spine J. 2023;17(6):1139-54.

1.Anderson PA, Rouleau JP. Intervertebral disc arthroplasty. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(23):2779-2786.

2.Lemaire JP, Carrier H, Sariali E, Skalli W, Lavaste F. Clinical and radiological outcomes with the Charité artificial disc: a 10-year minimum follow-up. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005;18(4):353-359.

3.Mummaneni PV, Burkus JK, Haid RW. Clinical and radiographic analysis of cervical disc arthroplasty compared with allograft fusion. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(5):935-948.

1.Pait TG, Al-Mefty O, Boop FA, Arnautovic KI, Rahman S, Ceola W. Inside-outside technique for posterior occipitocervical spine instrumentation and stabilization: preliminary results. J Neurosurg. 1999; 90(1 Suppl):1-7.

2.Sá Carneiro-Filho G, Macédo LP, Andrade LI, Alves-Sá BF, Sousa LUAM, Quirino SCM, et al. Upper cervical spine injuries: profile and management. Int J Spine Surg. 2022; 16(6):1001-8.

3.Magerl F, Seeman PS. Stable Posterior Fusion of the Atlas and Axis by Transarticular Screw Fixation. In: Kehr P, Weidner A, editors. Cervical Spine. Berlin: Springer; 1986; 322-32.

1.Denaro V, Di Martino A. Cervical spine surgery: an historical perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(3):639-48. doi: 10.1007/s11999-010-1752-3. PMID: 21213087; PMCID: PMC3032865.

2.Bartels RHMA, Goffin J. Albert Dereymaeker and Joseph Cyriel Mulier's description of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion in 1955. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018; 28(4):395-400. doi: 10.3171/2017.7.SPINE17182. Epub 2018 Jan 12. PMID: 29327972.

3.Cheung KM, Mak KC, Luk KD. Anterior approach to cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(5):E297-302. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318239ccd8. PMID: 22020587.

1.Omeis I, DeMattia JA, Hillard VH, Murali R, Das K. History of instrumentation for stabilization of the subaxial cervical spine. Neurosurg Focus. 2004; 16(1):1-6.

2.Callahan RA, Johnson RM, Margolis RN, Keggi KJ, Albright JA, Southwick WO. Cervical facet fusion for control of instability following laminectomy. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1977; 59(8):991-1002.

3.Jeanneret B, Magerl F, Ward EH, Ward JCH. Posterior Stabilization of the Cervical Spine with Hook Plates: Spine. 1991; 16(Suppl):S56-63.

1.Hirabayashi K, Satomi K. Operative procedure and results of expansive open-door laminoplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988; (235):48-55.

2.Tanaka S, Tashiro T, Gomi A, et al. Cervical laminoplasty: The history and the future. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2015; 55(7):555-62.

3.Hirabayashi K. The expansive open-door laminoplasty (ELAP): The original operative technique and its evolution. Neurospine. 2019; 16(1):8-13.

1.Kim YJ, Lenke LG. Thoracic pedicle screw placement: free-hand technique. Neurol India. 2005;53(4):512-9.

2.Giubilei DB, Cavali PTM, Lehoczki MA, Rossato AJ, Risso-Neto MI, Zuiani GR, et al. Avaliação tomográfica do posicionamento de parafusos pediculares em deformidades na coluna torácica e lombar introduzidos com base na técnica “free-hand”. Coluna/Columna. 2011;10(4):321-4.

3.Shin BJ, James AR, Njoku IU, Hartl R. Pedicle screw navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of perforation risk for computer-navigated versus freehand insertion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(2):113-22.

1.Jain A, Hassanzadeh H, Strike SA, Menga EN, Sponseller PD, Kebaish KM. Pelvic fixation in adult and pediatric spine surgery: historical perspective, indications, and techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015; 97(18):1521-8.

2.Chang TL, Sponseller PD, Kebaish KM, Fishman EK. Low Profile Pelvic Fixation: Anatomic Parameters for Sacral Alar-Iliac Fixation Versus Traditional Iliac Fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009; 34(5):436-40.

3.Von Glinski A, Yilmaz E, Ishak B, Hayman E, Ramey W, Jack A, et al. The modified iliac screw: an anatomic comparison and technical guide. World Neurosurg. 2020; 136:e608-13.

1.Ensrud KE. Epidemiology of fracture risk with advancing age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(10):1236–42.

2.Kanis JA. Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health care level. Sheffield: WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield; 2007.

3.Hoppe S, Keel MJB. Pedicle screw augmentation in osteoporotic spine: indications, limitations and technical aspects. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2017;43(1):3–8.

1.Kim KT, Park KJ, Lee JH. Osteotomy of the spine to correct the spinal deformity. Asian Spine J. 2009;3(2):113-23.

2.Schwab F, Blondel B, Chay E, Demakakos J, Lenke L, Tropiano P, Ames C, et al. The Comprehensive anatomical spinal osteotomy classification. Neurosurgery. 2014;74(1):112-20; discussion 120.

3.Smith-Petersen MN, Larson CB, Aufranc OE. Osteotomy of the spine for correction of flexion deformity in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1969;(66):6-9.

1.Sanan A, Rengachary SS. The history of spinal biomechanics. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(4):657-669.

2.Ruisinger MM. Misreading pictures: Fabricius Hildanus (1560-1634) and the cure of spinal dislocation. J Hist Neurosci. 2005;14(4):334-340.

3.Taylor AS. Fracture dislocation of the cervical spine. Ann Surg. 1929;90(3):321-340.

1.Morin C, Kulkarni S. ED plaster-of-Paris jacket for infantile scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2014 Jul;23 Suppl 4:S412–8.

2.Mehta MH. Growth as a corrective force in the early treatment of progressive infantile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Sep;87(9):1237–47.

3.Baulesh DM, Huh J, Judkins T, Garg S, Miller NH, Erickson MA. The role of serial casting in early-onset scoliosis (EOS). J Pediatr Orthop. 2012 Oct-Nov;32(7):658–63.

1.Evans W. Intrasacral epidural injection in the treatment of sciatica. Lancet 1930;216(5597):1225-29.

2.White AH, Derby R, Wynne G. Epidural injections for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1980;5(1):78-86. doi: 10.1097/00007632-198001000-00014. PMID: 6444766.

3.el-Khoury GY, Ehara S, Weinstein JN, Montgomery WJ, Kathol MH. Epidural steroid injection: a procedure ideally performed with fluoroscopic control. Radiology 1988;168(2):554-7. doi: 10.1148/radiology.168.2.2969118. PMID: 2969118.

1.Miladi L, Mousny M. A novel technique for treatment of progressive scoliosis in young children using a 3-hook and 2-screw construct (H3S2) on a single sub-muscular growing rod: Surgical technique. European Spine Journal. 2014; 23(Suppl. 4):5432-7.

2.Gupta K, Barik S, Sarkar MH, Chaudhary S, Sinha SK, Raj V, et al. Use of Growth Rod Systems for Management of Early Onset Scoliosis in Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review. Turkish Neurosurgery. Turkish Neurosurgical Society. 2023; 33(2):177-84.

3.Wijdicks SPJ, Tromp IN, Yazici M, Kempen DHR, Castelein RM, Kruyt MC. A comparison of growth among growth-friendly systems for scoliosis: a systematic review. Spine Journal. Elsevier Inc. 2019; 19(5):789-99.